Method and system for providing shipment tracking and notifications

ABSTRACT

Improved approaches for monitoring status of articles being shipped are disclosed. The monitoring can produce notifications to interested parties. The notifications typically contain status information pertaining to the articles being shipped. Alternatively, interested parties can gain access to status information pertaining to the articles being shipped via a website. According to one embodiment, the status information includes at least position (location) information and shipping conditions information.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/802,641, filed Mar. 13, 2013, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING SHIPMENT TRACKING AND NOTIFICATIONS,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, which in turn is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/924,470, filed Sep. 27, 2010, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING SHIPMENT TRACKING AND NOTIFICATIONS,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,725,165, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, which in turn is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/732,581, filed Apr. 3, 2007, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING SHIPMENT TRACKING AND NOTIFICATIONS,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,809,377, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, which in turn is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,637, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING SHIPMENT TRACKING AND NOTIFICATIONS,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,829, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

By way of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,637, this application also claims benefit of: (i) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/444,198, filed Jan. 30, 2003, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MONITORING, DELIVERING, MANAGING AND USING STATUS INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; (ii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/418,491, filed Oct. 15, 2002, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MONITORING, DELIVERING, MANAGING AND USING STATUS INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; (iii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/404,645, filed Aug. 19, 2002, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MONITORING, DELIVERING, MANAGING AND USING POSITION AND OTHER INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; and (iv) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/375,998, filed Apr. 24, 2002, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MANAGING AND USING POSITION INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

This application is also related to: (i) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,473, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INTELLIGENT ACQUISITION OF POSITION INFORMATION,” now U.S. Pat. No. 6,975,941; (ii) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,472, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Analyze and Present Location Information;” (iii) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,641, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICAL MONITORING AND NOTIFICATIONS THEREFOR;” (iv) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,640, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “INEXPENSIVE POSITION SENSING DEVICE;” (v) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,474, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED MESSAGING;” (vi) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/397,512, filed Mar. 26, 2003, and entitled “APPLICATIONS OF STATUS INFORMATION FOR INVENTORY MANAGEMENT.”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Objects are regularly shipped from a sender to a recipient. The objects can be packages, containers or boxes, or items within packages, containers or boxes. However, for the most part, once an object leaves the sender and enters a shipping channel, the sender and recipient have little or no knowledge about the shipments.

Recently, shipping companies, such as Federal Express, have enabled users to track shipments using tracking numbers uniquely assigned to the objects being shipped. A user can access the FedEx.com website and retrieve tracking information about a particular package or can arrange to have such tracking information emailed to a particular email address. The tracking information can include such information as shipment date, delivery location, delivery date/time, person acknowledging receipt, and scan activity. The scan activity provides a listing of each of the locations (and date and time) during the shipment where the package was scanned. Even more recently, FedEx introduced a Web-based business tool, referred to as FedEx InSight, to help businesses manage their shipping activities. FedEx InSight is advertised as facilitating: (i) tracking inbound, outbound and third-party payor shipments; (ii) providing notifications of critical shipping events via electronic mail, facsimile, Internet or wireless means; (iii) providing status summaries of international and domestic shipments on one report; and (iv) helping to pinpoint customs delays and delivery attempts and then suggesting ways to expedite delivery.

Notwithstanding the recent advances in tracking shipments, there still exists various problems that lead to lack of understanding of shipments activity and conditions. When scanning of packages at various locations during a route of shipment is used to tracking location, personnel must manually perform such scanning. Further, the location of packages is only known at the time that the packages are scanned at certain locations (scanning locations). In shipping a package, there is a need to have more precise and robust knowledge of the position and condition of the package throughout the shipping process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly speaking, the invention relates to improved approaches for monitoring status of articles being shipped. The monitoring can produce notifications to interested parties. The notifications typically contain status information pertaining to the articles being shipped. Alternatively, interested parties can gain access to status information pertaining to the articles being shipped via a website. According to one embodiment, the status information includes at least position (location) information and shipping conditions information. The invention can be implemented in numerous ways including, a method, system, device, graphical user interface, and a computer readable medium.

Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an article shipment notification system according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of article shipment notification processing according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of notification message processing according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of requested notification processing according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of email status processing according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a representative notification setup screen according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of insurance compliance processing according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of refund processing according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an object tracking system according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows a number of embodiments for the position-computing device of the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows examples of connections made by the position-computing device of the present invention.

FIG. 13 shows examples of auxiliary sensors of the present invention.

FIG. 14 shows examples of information provided by the remote site of the present invention.

FIG. 15 shows examples of actions performed by an actuator of the present invention.

FIG. 16 shows one embodiment of the position-sensing device of the present invention.

FIG. 17 shows one embodiment of the position-sensing device of the present invention having a high-frequency and a low-frequency circuit.

FIG. 18 shows examples of component sharing in the high-frequency section of the position-sensing device of the present invention.

FIG. 19 illustrates one example of a high-frequency circuit of the position-sensing device of the present invention.

FIG. 20 shows examples of component sharing in the low-frequency circuit of the present invention.

FIG. 21A shows one embodiment of low-frequency circuit of the position-sensing device of the present invention.

FIG. 21B shows examples of integrating a position-sensing device with different types of auxiliary sensors.

FIG. 22 shows examples of the position-sensing device form factor of the present invention.

FIG. 23 shows examples of fabrication techniques for the present invention.

FIG. 24 shows an example of a micromachined accelerometer for the present invention.

FIG. 25 shows examples of applications for the present invention.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a mobile device according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 27 shows a number of structural issues regarding the devices for the present invention.

FIG. 28 shows one embodiment of the invention that includes two modes of transmissions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to improved approaches for monitoring status of articles being shipped. The monitoring can produce notifications to interested parties. The notifications typically contain status information pertaining to the articles being shipped. Alternatively, interested parties can gain access to status information pertaining to the articles being shipped via a website. According to one embodiment, the status information includes at least position (location) information and shipping conditions information.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will become obvious to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. The description and representation herein are the common meanings used by those experienced or skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present invention.

Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Further, the order of blocks in process flowcharts or diagrams representing one or more embodiments of the invention do not inherently indicate any particular order nor imply any limitations in the invention.

Embodiments of this aspect of the invention are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 1-28. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond these limited embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an article shipment notification system 100 according to one embodiment of the invention. The article shipment notification system 100 provides web-based article shipment management capable of not only tracking the shipment of articles but also providing notifications to users of the system.

The article shipment notification system 100 includes a shipper 102 and a recipient 104. Typically, the article shipment notification system 100 would support multiple shippers and multiple recipients. However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, only the shipper 102 and the recipient 104 are illustrated. It is assumed that an article is being shipped by the shipper 102 to the recipient 104. A shipper is a person, entity or associated computing device that is responsible for or associated with shipping an article, and a recipient is a person, entity or associated computing device to which the article is being shipped.

In order to track the location and shipping conditions of the article being shipped from the shipper 102 to the recipient 104, a tracking device (TD1) 106 is provided within or attached to the article being shipped. Additionally, a second tracking device (TD2) 108 is also illustrated in FIG. 1 which could be used to track another article. The first tracking device 106 and the second tracking device 108 are coupled to a wireless network 110. In general, the article shipment notification system 100 supports many different tracking devices. Typically, for each article being tracked, the article shipment notification system 100 would use a separate tracking device.

The wireless network 110 is coupled to the Internet 112. Further, a tracking server 114 is coupled to the Internet 112. The tracking server 114 also couples to a tracking database 116. The Internet 112 can be replaced by other data networks (e.g., enterprise network, regional network, Local Area Network, or Wide Area Network).

While an article is being shipped from the shipper 102 to the recipient 104, the first tracking device 106 gathers status information associated with the article. The status information includes at least position (location) information and/or shipping conditions information. The position information is obtained typically from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver within the first tracking device 106. The position information can be obtained or augmented by a local positioning system such as utilized with a local network (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.). The shipping conditions information pertains to conditions of or surrounding an article during its shipment. The shipping conditions information can vary with application. Examples of shipping conditions that can be provided within shipping conditions information include one or more of vibration, acceleration, speed, or direction of travel of, or force or pressure on, the article. Other examples of shipping conditions that can be provided within shipping conditions information include one or more of temperature, humidity, pressure, gaseous or liquid states, chemical compositions, wind speed, color composition, scent, light, sound, smoke, particle or radiation (e.g., infrared radiation).

The status information that is obtained by the first tracking device 106 is sent by the first tracking device 106 to the tracking server 114 via the wireless network 110 and the Internet 112. The tracking server 114 stores the status information pertaining to the first tracking device 106 into the tracking database 116 such that it is associated with the particular article being shipped. The tracking server 114 tracks the shipment of various articles, and thus stores status information pertaining to the particular articles being shipped.

As the article is being shipped, the tracking server 114 can also monitor the status information associated with the first tracking device 106 (as well as other tracking devices used with the article shipment notification system 100). The tracking server 114 can produce and send various notifications to shippers and/or recipients of articles being shipped using the article shipment notification system 100. More particularly, the tracking server 114 can monitor the status information provided by the first tracking device 106 and determine whether and when to send notifications to either the shipper 102 or the recipient 104, or both.

In one embodiment, the shipper 102 and/or the recipient 104 can provide notification criteria to the tracking server 114. The shipper 102 and the recipient 104 are coupled to the Internet 112 and thus can supply notification criteria to the tracking server 114 (as well as receive notifications from the tracking server 114). The notification criteria can specify the channel, timing and nature of the notifications to be received. The notification messages can be transmitted through different channels, such as electronic mail, text message (e.g., page, instant message, etc.), voice call, and facsimile. The timing, for example, can be periodic (e.g., daily) or on events or conditions. The nature of the notification messages can vary based on circumstances and/or user preferences. For example, the user might only desire urgent messages and not messages of lesser priorities. As another example, the user might want to receive messages in an abbreviated format as opposed to a detailed format. As still another example, the user might want to receive warning messages or messages indicating that corrective action is suggested, but opt not to receive regular status messages. In one embodiment, the notification criteria can also be considered user configuration data.

The article shipment notification system 100 can allow the shipper 102 and the recipient 104 to interact with the tracking server 114 through a web interface so that such users are able to configure or set-up to receive certain notifications. The web interface can facilitate a user in arranging to receive notifications by indicating notification criteria. For example, through use of the web interface, a user can make user selections to indicate the notifications to be received and where and by what channels the notifications are to be provided.

The article shipment notification system 100 can provide various different notifications to interested users, such as the shipper 102 and the recipient 104. For example, the shipper 102 might receive a notification that the article shipment has been delayed, a notification that the article has been delivered (arrived at the destination), a notification that shipping conditions violations have occurred, or a notification of the position of the article. For example, the recipient 104 might receive notifications such as a notification that an article has been shipped identifying the recipient as the person or entity receiving the article, a notification that an article being shipped to the recipient is nearby, and a notification that an article will be delivered to the recipient shortly (optionally including an estimated delivery time), a notification of shipping conditions violations, or a notification of the position of the article.

The article shipment notification system 100 can also include at least one third-party 118. The third-party 118 is a user interested in the shipment of the article other than the shipper 102 or the recipient 104. The article shipment notification system 100 can operate (or be configured to operate) to provide certain notifications to the third-party 118. The above-mentioned web interface can be used to configure or set-up such notifications. As examples, the third-party 118 can represent a shipping entity, an insurance company, a management organization, a financial organization, etc.

In one embodiment, the notifications can have different levels. The level of a notification can depend on security clearance, authorization, ranks within companies, or the recipient. For example, a notification directed to an insurance company might contain all available status information. In another example, a notification directed to a recipient of the article might only contain selected types/portions of status information (e.g., time of arrival but not humidity information).

The notification can be initiated by a server, such as the tracking server 104, or on-demand by a requestor (e.g., interested user).

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of article shipment notification processing 200 according to one embodiment of the invention. The article shipment notification processing 200 can, for example, be performed by a server machine, such as the tracking server 114 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The article shipment notification processing 200 receives 201 status information for an article from a mobile communication device. Here, the mobile communication device transmits the status information for the article that is associated with (e.g., coupled to or encloses) the mobile communication device. The status information that is being transmitted is received at the server by way of a wireless and/or wired network. Next, the status information is stored 202 to a tracking database. The tracking database allows the status information for the article to be organized for subsequent evaluation. The article shipment notification processing 200 then determines 204 whether a notification condition exists based on the status information and notification criteria. The status information for the article was received from the corresponding mobile communication device and stored in the tracking database as noted above. The notification criteria can be either default notification criteria or user-specified notification criteria. In any case, the status information and the notification criteria are utilized to determine whether a notification condition exists. Thereafter, a notification message is produced 206 when the notification condition exists. After the notification message is produced 206 the notification message is sent 208 to an interested user. The manner by which the notification message is sent 208 can vary depending upon the nature of the notification message, the capabilities of the communication system being used, the preferences of the interested user, and the like. After the notification message has been sent 208, the article shipment notification processing 200 is complete and ends.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of notification message processing 300 according to one embodiment of the invention. The notification message processing 300 can, for example, represent a more detailed implementation for the operations 206 and 208 illustrated in FIG. 2.

The notification message processing 300 assumes that the notification system supports the various types of notifications and distinguishes those notifications based on the existence of particular notification conditions. More specifically, the notification conditions being processed by the notification message processing 300 include, for example, notification conditions pertaining to a new shipment, a position update, an environmental violation, and a delivery status.

The notification message processing 300 begins with a decision 302 that determines whether a new shipment notification condition exists. As an example, a new shipment notification condition is a notification condition that is used to indicate that a new shipment is or has been sent. The new shipment notification condition might notify a recipient that an article was shipped to them on a particular date, from a particular person, and possible also indicate the approximate arrival date and/or time. Still further, in one embodiment, the new shipment notification message can include a link (e.g., hyperlink) to a server location wherein notifications can be arranged. When the decision 302 determines that a new shipment notification condition does exist, then a new shipment notification is produced and sent 304. Alternatively, when the decision 302 determines that a new shipment notification condition does not exist, then a decision 306 determines whether a position update notification condition exists. When the decision 306 determines that a position update notification condition exists, then a position notification message is produced and sent 308. On the other hand, when the decision 306 determines that a position update notification condition does not exist, then a decision 310 determines whether an environmental violation notification condition exists. When the decision 310 determines that an environmental violation notification condition does exist, then an environmental notification message is produced and sent 312. As an example, an environmental notification message informs the recipient of the message that one or more environmental violation notification conditions have been violated. For example, the environmental notification message might indicate that the temperature of the article has exceeded a desired limit, that the humidity has exceeded a desired limit, or that the article has undergone excessive forces. Alternatively, when the decision 310 determines that an environmental violation notification condition does not exist, then a decision 314 determines whether a delivery notification condition exists. When the decision 314 determines that a delivery notification condition does exist, then a delivery notification message is produced and sent 316. On the other hand, when the decision 314 determines that a delivery notification condition does not exist, then as well as following the operation 316, a notification message processing 300 is complete and ends.

It should be noted that the notification message processing can send one or more notifications to an interested user at any point in time. Additionally, the multiple notifications can be combined into a single notification. Further, additional notification conditions beyond those discussed with respect to the notification message processing 300 shown in FIG. 3 can also be utilized and processed in a similar manner. Still further, the organization or arrangement of the processing of the notification message processing 300 shown in FIG. 3 is illustrative and thus not required. For example, the order of evaluating the decisions is not limited to that shown in FIG. 3. In other words, the notification message processing 300 can vary with implementation.

As an illustration regarding notification, the shipping conditions information can provide chemical related feedback or notification information based on chemical substances being sensed within the package or object being shipped. For example, a chemical sensor can be provided within the mobile tracking device to sense chemical compositions (e.g., gaseous components).

With respect to the notification criteria utilized to determine when notifications are to be sent, a user can configure those notifications desired and the particular conditions for such notifications. For example, a user can configure notifications by interacting with a web site to set the notification criteria.

Although the notifications often are sent to the sender or recipient of the package or article being shipped, the notifications can also be sent or forwarded to third parties. One particular third party is, for example, an insurance representative. The notification can indicate that certain shipping conditions have been violated. The notification can also provide instructions or recommendations to take corrective action. The corrective action can, for example, include fixing the problem that caused the shipping conditions violation or mitigating damages caused by the shipping conditions violation.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of requested notification processing 400 according to one embodiment of the invention. The requested notification processing 400 is, for example, performed by a server machine, such as the tracking server 114 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The requested notification processing 400 begins with a decision 402 that determines whether a status request has been received. When the decision 402 determines that a status request has not been received, the requested notification processing 400 awaits such a request. In other words, the requested notification processing 400 is invoked when a status request is received. A user (i.e., requestor) typically initiates the requested notification processing 400 when status information is desired by making a status request (or notification request).

Once the decision 402 determines that a status request has been received, then an identifier for the mobile tracking device is determined 404. The identifier serves to identify the particular mobile tracking device for which the status information is to be obtained. After the identifier is identified, status information for the mobile tracking device associated with the identifier is retrieved 406. If desired, the requested notification processing 400 can further determine whether the requestor for the status information is authorized to receive the status information or the level of status information the requestor is authorized to receive.

After the status information has been retrieved 406, a response including at least a portion of the status information is formed 408. In one embodiment, the response being formed 408 is in the format of an electronic mail message (email). For example, if the status request were in the form of an email message (including any text or graphical message being electronically transmitted), the response could be a reply email to the status request email message. In other embodiment, the response being formed 408 can take various other formats. After the response has been formed 408, the response is transmitted 410 to the requestor. The transmission of the response can be over a wireless and/or a wired network. For example, when the format of the response is an email message, the response is typically sent to a network address or email address associated with the requestor that issued the status request. Following the operation 410, the requested notification processing 400 is complete and ends.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of email status processing 500 according to one embodiment of the invention. The email status processing 500 is, for example, performed by a server machine, such as the tracking server 114 illustrated in FIG. 1. The email status processing 500 can be considered a more detailed embodiment of the requested notification processing 400 illustrated in FIG. 4.

The email status processing 500 begins with a decision 502 that determines whether an email status request has been received 502 from a requestor. When the decision 502 determines that an email status request has not been received, then the email status processing 500 awaits such a request. Once the decision 502 determines that an email status request has been received, then the email status request is parsed 504 to get a reference number and requestor information.

Next, a decision 506 determines whether the requestor is authorized. Here, the determination of whether or not the requestor is authorized can be performed using some or all of the requestor information and the reference number for the mobile tracking device of interest. When the decision 506 determines that the requestor is not authorized, then an information unavailable reply message is sent 508 to the requestor.

When the decision 506 determines that the requestor is authorized, the mobile tracking device is determined 510 based on the reference number. As an example, the reference number can be an identifier that is used by users to identify the mobile tracking device they are desirous of tracking. Internally the system may use the reference number or another identifier. The reference number may be a fixed number or a re-assignable number that specifies a particular mobile tracking device. For example, the reference number can be a telephone number or network address used by the mobile tracking device for communications.

After the mobile tracking device has been determined 510, the status information for the determined mobile tracking device is retrieved 512. In one embodiment, the status information is retrieved 512 from a database that stores status information for a plurality of mobile tracking devices. The database is, for example, the tracking database 116 illustrated in FIG. 1.

Next, a decision 514 determines whether the requested response is permitted. In other words, although the requestor is permitted to access the status information, the type of response that is permitted to be supplied to the requestor could be limited. Hence, when the decision 514 determines that the requested response is not permitted, then a requested response unavailable message is sent 516 to the requestor. On the other hand, when the decision 514 determines that the requested response is permitted, then a response message is produced and sent 518 to the requestor. In one embodiment, the message can take different formats depending upon a user's configuration requests or the destination for the response. Following the operation 518, as well as following the operations 508 and 516, the email status processing 500 ends.

A web interface (or Graphical User Interface) can be made available to users. The web interface can, among other things, assist a user with configuring notifications for themselves or others. One embodiment of such a web interface is referred to as a notification setup screen.

FIG. 6 is a representative notification setup screen 600 according to one embodiment of the invention. The notification setup screen 600 is, for example, displayed on a display device associated with a user's computer. The notification setup screen 600 would be presented on the display device of the user's computer when the user desires to configure the notification system to provide certain automated notifications. As an example, a network browser application operating on the user's computer can present the notification setup screen 600 and interface thereby with the tracking server 114 to configure the notification system. The user can, for example, be the shipper 102, the recipient 104 or the third-party 118 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The notification setup screen 600 includes a notification format region 602, a notification destination region 604, and a notification criteria region 606. These regions are portions of the notification setup screen which is often a window displayed on a display device as a graphical user interface. The notification format region 602 is a region that allows the user to select a notification channel (format). In the example, shown in FIG. 6, the user is able to select one of email, page or facsimile as the notification channel. The notification destination region 604 is a region that allows the user to specify one or more destinations. The destination can be an email address, a network address, a telephone number, or a facsimile number. The notification criteria region 606 is a region that allows the user to select, enter or otherwise choose notification criteria. The notification criteria set when and/or what notification are sent to the recipient users. The notification criteria can, for example, enable a user to specify that notifications are to be sent based on position, delivery or other conditions. For example, the notifications regarding position can be configured to be sent periodically (e.g., hourly, daily, weekly, etc.) or based on a distance traversed (e.g., every 1, 5, 10, 50 or 100 miles). For example, the notifications regarding delivery can be configured to be sent on delivery of the article/object to a destination, or when delivery is impending (i.e., article/object is proximate to the destination). For example, the notification regarding conditions of the shipment can be initiated periodically or on-event. In the representative example shown in FIG. 6, the notification can be periodic (e.g., hourly, daily, weekly, etc.) or can be when an extreme condition occurs, such as temperature exceeding a threshold temperature or a force exceeding a threshold amount.

Regardless of how the notification is triggered, the content of the notification could include merely status information about the condition causing the trigger, or could also include other current status information. For example, a periodic position notification could also include other status information besides position information. Likewise, a periodic condition notification could include other condition information (e.g., temperature, force, etc.) as well as position information.

Further, different channels, types or criteria can be used to provide notifications to different recipients. Hence, the notification can be customized for different users, namely, shippers, recipients and third-parties.

The web interface used to configure notification is not limited to the notification setup screen 600 illustrated in FIG. 6. Instead, the web interface can take a variety of different forms. It may use defaults, preferences (e.g., user-specified or inferred from prior actions), or other means to assist the user in interfacing with the web interface.

The notifications provided by the invention can be informative and/or instructive. The informative nature of the notifications reflects the inclusion of status information in the notification. The instructive nature of the notifications can reflect instructions or requests for corrective action to remedy dangerous or unwanted status of the shipment. For example, if a shipment is reaching dangerously high temperatures, the shipping company can be notified of the present or anticipated problem and request corrective action to remedy the situation. Further, the status information history for the shipment of the article can be made available so an interested user can evaluate where a problem occurred, how it occurred, and who was at fault.

When shipping an article, a shipper might insure the shipment. The insurance could, for example, be provided by the shipping entity or a third party. The insurance could insure against certain insured criteria, such as delivery by a deadline, damage to the article, exposure of the article to an unaccepted environmental conditions, etc. Notifications concerning violations (or non-violations) of insured criteria can be automatically provided to interested users.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of insurance compliance processing 700 according to one embodiment of the invention. The insurance compliance processing 700 can, for example, allow notification messages to be automatically sent to interested users (e.g., shipping entity, shipper, or insurance representative).

The insurance compliance processing 700 receives 702 status information for an article from a mobile communication device. As noted above, at least in one embodiment, the status information includes at least position (location) information and shipping conditions information. In addition, insured criteria pertaining to the shipment of the article is received 704. The insured criteria are typically dependent on insurance policy coverage placed on the article. Next, the status information is compared 706 with the insured criteria. A decision 708 then determines whether a notification condition exists. In one implementation, a notification condition exists when the status information indicates that one or more insured criteria have been breached. In another implementation, an interested user can configure the system to set notification conditions associated with status conditions and insured criteria. When the decision 708 determines that a notification condition exists, then a notification message is produced 710. The notification message is then sent 712 to an interested user. After the notification message is sent 712, the insurance compliance processing 700 is complete and ends. Alternatively, when the decision 708 determines that a notification condition does not exist, then the operations 710 and 712 are bypassed and the insurance compliance processing 700 ends.

In the course of shipping an article, a shipping entity might have agreed to deliver the article to a destination within a prescribed period of time. The failure of the shipping entity to meet this or any other condition can entitle the sender or recipient to a refund of some of all of the costs the sender incurred in shipping the article. Typically, the party that originally paid for the costs of the shipping would normally be the party that receives the refund. The discussion provided below primarily assumes that the sender is the party that would receive any refund, though such is not a limitation.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of refund processing 800 according to one embodiment of the invention. The refund processing 800 serves to automatically request and process refunds on behalf of senders, and their refunds with respect to shipping entities.

The refund processing 800 begins by receiving 802 status information pertaining to a package (i.e., article). The package is being shipped to a recipient. The sender is utilizing a carrier (i.e., shipping entity) to perform the shipping function to deliver the package to the recipient. A decision 804 determines whether there are any guaranteed conditions associated with the shipment that have not been satisfied. Here, the status information can be utilized to determine whether one or more of the guaranteed conditions are not satisfied. The guaranteed conditions are typically associated with a shipping agreement between the sender and the shipping entity. In one embodiment, one guaranteed condition of a shipment is a guaranteed delivery time. When the decision 804 determines that one or more guaranteed conditions of the shipment have not been satisfied, then a refund request is prepared 806 to recover some or all of the cost to ship the package. Next, the refund request is electronically submitted 808 to the shipping entity. The submission to the shipping entity can be done using a general address, a special address associated with refunds, or it could be an agent's address that is utilized to process the refund request for the shipping entity. Further, the electronic submission 808 can be performed through electronic mail, facsimile transmission, or FTP transmission. After the refund request has been electronically submitted 808, the user (sender) is notified 810 that the refund request has been submitted. On the other hand, when the decision 804 determines that all guaranteed conditions have (so far) been satisfied, then the operations 806-810 are bypassed. Following the operation 810, the refund processing 800 is complete and ends.

Additionally, the refund processing could also further monitor the processing of a refund request by the shipping entity. For example, after submission of the refund request, the refund processing can examine whether the refund associated with the refund request has been received. Further, additional monitoring could be performed to determine that the receipt of the refund request has been received, the stage of its processing by the shipping entity, or other refund related information. Furthermore, the user (sender) can be notified when the refund monies have been received. These refund monies can be electronically transmitted to the sender or can be placed in an account that is associated with the sender.

The refund processing can be initiated in a variety of different ways. For example, the refund processing can be triggered by the arrival of the package at its destination. Alternatively, the refund processing could be performed whenever a guaranteed condition is not met, such as the guaranteed delivery time has been exceeded. As yet another alternative, the refund processing can be performed as status information is updated or as processing resources are available.

The invention is suitable for asset management, such as tracking location/position of assets and monitoring conditions of assets. Assets can, for example, include: packages, purchased goods, moving boxes/creates, and pallets.

The position resolution can be enhanced through use of a community layout and/or profile information.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an object tracking system 900 according to one embodiment of the invention. The object tracking system 900 can be used to track various objects including packages, humans, pets and the like. The object tracking system 900 includes a plurality of wireless devices 902. These wireless devices 902 are provided with or proximate to objects being tracked by the object tracking system 900. These mobile devices 902 have GPS receivers that can receive GPS position information from a GPS system 903. The acquisition of such position information can be performed on demand, periodically or on need. The mobile devices 902 communicate over wireless links with a wireless network 904. The wireless network 904 then couples to a wired network 906. A location management server 908 is coupled to the wireless network 906. The location management server 908 provides centralized storage of the location information for each of the mobile devices 902 in a location database 910. A map database 912 is also coupled to the location management server 908. The map database 912 can directly connect to the location management server 908 or can reside elsewhere on the wired network 906. The location management server 908 can interact with the map database 912 to convert position information provided by the GPS information into map coordinates, street addresses, etc.

In addition, the object tracking system 900 also includes a community layout server 914. The community layout server 914 can be coupled to the wired network 906 or the wireless network 904. In one embodiment, a community can be associated with a commercial building, a shopping mall, a residential community and the like. The community layout server 914 interacts with a community layout database 916 to resolve locations, such as street addresses and cross streets, into more intelligible locations in a community. For example, instead of a street address, the locations can pertain to points of interest with respect to the community. As an illustration, in the case of a commercial building, with five floors, the community layout database 916 would convert the GPS information (plus any additional sensor information relevant to making the determination also provided by the mobile device 902, such as altitude and direction) to obtain a community location or point of interest. For example, using the GPS position information together with other sensor information, the community layout server 914 can interact with the community layout database 916 to precisely locate a particular mobile device 902 to a particular point of interest. In the case of the commercial building with five floors, the mobile device 902 can be pinpointed to the third floor which pertains to the corporation Acme, Inc. The point of interest or community position can then be sent from the community layout server 914 through the wired network 906 to the location management server 908 which then in turn stores the community position or point of interest in the location database 910 as the position of the particular mobile device 902.

Once the location database 910 has the positions of the mobile devices 902, when subsequent position data is sent to the location management server 908, these positions are suitably updated in the location database 910. Additionally, other of the mobile devices 902 or a representative client machine 918 coupled through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 920 to the wired network 906 can be permitted to access the locations of one or more of the mobile devices 902. Assuming that the requesting party is allowed access to said position information, the request for such information is processed by the location management server 908. When permission is granted, the locations desired are retrieved from the location database 910 and returned to either the requesting mobile devices 902 or the requesting client machine 918. In a similar manner, access to other non-location information (i.e., additional sensor information or conditions information) pertaining to the mobile devices 902 can be available.

In one embodiment, the client machine 918 or a particular one of the mobile devices 902 can set up a private or semi-private web page that is hosted by a server (e.g., the location management server 908 or other server) on the wired network 906. Then, the page can be customized to monitor the location of a number of the mobile devices 902. Hence, thereafter, the requestor need only access the customized web page to obtain the current position information for such mobile devices. With such an embodiment, a web page could be provided to track a plurality of packages being transported from a warehouse to a customer. In another embodiment, a similar web page can be setup to allow a parent to track the position of mobile devices that are affixed to his children such that the parent can easily monitor the position of his children. In this example, the object tracked is a living being (e.g., person).

The object tracking system 900 could also be augmented by wireless profile devices 922. These profile devices 922 can wirelessly couple to the mobile devices 902 using the wireless network 904. The profile devices 922 could be short range transmitters or transceivers. The profile devices 922 could store one or more profiles for a particular location in which they reside.

Hence, the mobile device 902 can wirelessly communicate with the profile device 922, if available, to acquire a profile pertaining to its location. For example, with the profile device 922 placed in the office building of Acme, Inc., when the mobile device 902 is in such office building, the mobile device 902 can acquire the profile from the proximate profile device 922. The profile can include the business name, its location, contact information for the business, etc. Thereafter, some or all of the profile information can be stored in the mobile device 902 and/or forwarded to the location management server 908 or other server for storage. Hence, the location provided by the profile may be more exacting and descriptive than the GPS position, such that the location of the mobile device 902 can be better determined.

In some cases it may be useful to control or limit the wireless communications with respect to the profile devices 922 so that the mobile devices 902 do not inadvertently receive the wrong profile. Various techniques can be utilized to provide control over the wireless communications. For example, the profile device 922 may or may not use a directional antenna. As another example, the profile device 922 could also control (e.g., limit) its transmission power.

In one embodiment of package tracking and monitoring, a GPS-enabled mobile device is attached to a package. As the package travels, the mobile device periodically sends its position information wirelessly to a center. This can be done, for example, through a cellular connection. The center keeps track of the package's location, and can post its path on a Web site. A user might have to pay to access the location information. For example, at 3 am in the morning, the user can log into the site, and enter a password to find out that the package is on the 9th floor of the Empire State Building (e.g., it destination), or more particularly the package is at the office of Acme, Inc. on the 9th floor of the Empire State Building.

In one embodiment, in addition to position information, other identifying information can also be automatically included based on radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The RFID tags typically include memory chips equipped and radio antennas. They can be attached to objects (or people) to transmit data about the objects. Typically, the memory chips do not include tremendous amount of information. They may only have 2 kilobytes of data, sufficient to encode, such as a serial number, where and when the product was manufactured, and other relevant information. These tags can come in a number of configurations. For example, an active tag uses a battery-powered transponder to emit a constant signal carrying the identifying information programmed into the chip. Active tags are more applicable to situations where readers are not close to the tags. A semi-passive tag likewise has a battery, but may not be activated until it receives a signal from a reader. They are more applicable to situations that do not need continuous tracking. A passive tag has no battery; its antenna extracts power from the reader's radio wave signal to transmit the identifying information on the chip. Passive tags are typically relatively inexpensive, but may have to be within a few feet of a reader to extract power. The tags can provide identifying information to the corresponding positioning information, which may also include temporal information. Together, the location and identification of assets can be automatically tracked.

In still another embodiment, personalized asset management or object tracking can be provided. For example, a user can track a package or object being shipped at her convenience. Such tracking can be achieved independent of a shipping entity that ships the package. A representative scenario is as follows. A user acquires a location-aware (e.g., GPS-aware) mobile communication device, such as a limited-functionality mobile telephone or 2-way pager, and places the mobile communication device in or on the package or object. The user makes note of the identifier for the mobile communication device. Then, periodically or on-demand, the user can determine the precise location of her package. In one implementation, the user (or a server on the user's behalf) sends a message to the mobile communication object. The message can be a voice or text message, or other form of data, that simply requests the mobile communication device to get its present location. The mobile communication device then determines its location. The mobile communication device can determine its location, for example, by directly using a GPS receiver or indirectly via another device in its immediate vicinity having GPS awareness. Further, battery lifetime can be conserved using the intelligent GPS information acquisition approaches noted in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/375,998. The mobile communication device then replies back (e.g., through voice or text message) to the user (or server) to inform of its present location. The user can, for example, call or page the mobile communication device and get the reply message. Alternatively, the user need only access the server to access the location data it holds for the package or object associated with the mobile communication device. The server can also automatically track these mobile communication device and alert the users when problems or delays in its transport are identified. Further, alerts or message could notify a recipient or sender of an object or package when the same is determined to be in-route, arrived at and/or proximate to its destination. Besides location, the reply message could also provide other information such as velocity, temperature, humidity, pressure, forces or stresses.

In one embodiment, the mobile device (mobile tracking device or mobile communication device) can include a solar panel. The solar panel can provide electrical power for the mobile device. The solar panel can thus charge a battery used to power the mobile device and/or itself power the mobile device. When the mobile device is affixed to an object (e.g., package) to be shipped, the solar panel can remain at least partially exposed to the outside of the object so as to be able to receive light. The solar panel can be integrated with the housing of the mobile device or can be separate and couple to the mobile device via one or more wires (e.g., a cable).

The present invention has described one or more GPS devices as to identify a location. However, the present invention is not limited to using GPS devices. In certain situations, other wireless or mobile devices can also serve as location-designating devices, such as devices based on GSM technologies or Wi-Fi technologies. Through the techniques of triangulation, these devices can also designate a location. Such triangulation techniques should be known to those skilled in the art.

One embodiment of the invention relates to an inexpensive position-sensing device that allows widespread use and availability of position information. The availability of position information in an inexpensive manner is highly desirable. However, there are a number of factors preventing such availability, such as cost and, sometimes, the size of the sensors. One approach of the invention provides an inexpensive position-sensing device that can be attached to or located on an object. In another embodiment, the position-sensing device is in a convenient form factor applicable for transport. Based on a number of embodiments of the present invention, position information can become not only a sought-after feature, but also a common commodity.

One embodiment of the invention includes a position-sensing device, which can be based on GPS technology. After acquiring position signals, the device extracts raw position data from the signals. Then, the device wirelessly transmits the raw position data to a position-computing device. The position-computing device can be used to convert the raw position data received into the position of the position-sensing device. The position-computing device can also receive auxiliary information from auxiliary sensors. Further analysis can then be performed based on the position and the auxiliary information. Examples of auxiliary sensors are pressure sensor, smoke detectors and heat sensors. The auxiliary sensors can capture their corresponding auxiliary information and provide them to the position-computing device.

The position-computing device can re-transmit the position of the position-sensing device with the auxiliary information to a remote site for additional analysis. The remote site can include a website. The remote site can provide additional intelligence and send different types of information back to the position-computing device. For example, location, map or traffic information can be downloaded to the position-computing device.

The position-computing device can also control an actuator. Based on an analysis performed by the remote site, the position-computing device can send a signal to an actuator to perform an operation. The operation can simply be displaying a message, flashing a signal or turning on a heater.

In one embodiment, the position-sensing device does not include a keyboard or display. This facilitates the position-sensing device in being compact in size and inexpensive. In addition, in another embodiment, a number of components of the position-sensing device's circuitry can be integrated together. For example, the components can be incorporated on two semiconductor chips, one substantially for radio-frequency circuits and the other for low-frequency baseband processing circuits. With the advantageous size and cost benefits, the position-sensing devices can be conveniently included into packages for shipment to track the packages, or can be attached to a person for monitoring purposes.

In one approach, an auxiliary sensor can be integrated into the position-sensing device, and the fabrication process can include micromachining techniques.

FIG. 10 shows a position-sensing device 1102 according to one embodiment of the invention. The position-sensing device 1102 can be coupled to a position-computing device 1110, which, in turn, can be coupled to an auxiliary sensor 1108, a remote site 1104, and an actuator 1106. The position-sensing device 1102 can be based on global positioning system (GPS) technology, and can be compact and inexpensive. In one implementation, in a general sense, the position-sensing device 1102 only has to track the GPS satellites and send raw position data to the position-computing device 1110 where position computation can be performed. The position-sensing device 1102 can be very portable. For example, one can easily affix the position-sensing device 1102 to a person, package or other object. As another example, the position-sensing device 1102 can be temporarily placed within a vehicle and easily carried from one vehicle to another.

In one approach, the position-computing device 1110 receives and converts the raw position data from the position-sensing device 1102 into the position of the position-sensing device. In another approach, the position-computing device 1110 can receive the raw position data from the position-sensing device 1102 and then forward the raw position data (or a partially processed version thereof) to a remote computing device (e.g., remote server) for additional processing.

In one embodiment, a position sensor as used herein refers to a system, apparatus or device that includes not only a position-sensing device but also a position-computing device. For example, with respect to FIG. 10, the position-sensing device 1102 and the position-computing device 1110 can together be referred to as a position sensor.

FIG. 11 shows a number of embodiments for the position-computing device 1110. The position-computing device 1110 can be a personal digital assistant (PDA) 1112, a personal computer (PC) 1114, a cell phone 1116, a pager 1118, or other types of electronic device typically with computation and signal transceiving capabilities.

In one embodiment, the position-sensing device 1102 does not have any user input/output interface other than a link (e.g., wireless link) to the position-computing device 1110. With such an embodiment, the position-sensing device 1102 can be made particularly small and low cost. The position-computing device 1110, which can be a portable device, can provide user-interface functionality. For example, the position-computing device 1110 can include a keyboard, a touch-pad or a stylus for information entry. The output of the position-computing device 1110 can be text, audio or graphical. When the position-computing device 1110 has a display screen, then text or graphics can be displayed on the display screen. As an example of a graphics output, the position-computing device 1110 can display a moving map on the display screen. In the case of an audio output, the position-computing device 1110 can, for example, output voice instructions pertaining to positions. In one embodiment, the computation capabilities of the position-computing device 1110 are also applicable for other applications. For example, when the position-computing device 1110 is implemented by a PDA 1112, the PDA 1112 can operate to perform processing for calendars, appointments, address books, phone books, or other application provided by the PDA 1112.

FIG. 12 shows examples of connections that can be made by the position-computing device 1110. Locally, the position-computing device 1110 can be coupled to a position-sensing device 1102. In one embodiment, the communication between the position-sensing device 1102 and the position-computing device 1110 can, for example, be via a Bluetooth network or a wireless LAN (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11a or 802.11b). In such an embodiment, the position-computing device 1110 can be placed anywhere within the signal reception range of the wireless link from the position-sensing device 1102. For instance, the position-computing device 1110 can be placed in the shirt pocket of a driver, and the position-sensing device can be on the dashboard of the car. In any case, since the position-computing device 1110 and the position-sensing device 1102 do not have to be physically tied together via a cable, a user enjoys greater freedom in the placement of the position-sensing device 1102 and the position-computing device 1110. In yet another embodiment, the communication between the position-sensing device 1102 and the position-computing device 1110 can be through a serial connection (e.g., USB or FIREWIRE link).

The position-computing device 1110 can also be wirelessly coupled to a head set 1150 having a speaker and a microphone. Again, as an example, the wireless coupling between the position-computing device 1110 and the heat set 1150 can be via the Bluetooth or Wi-Fi protocols.

In one embodiment, a user wearing the headset 1150 can receive voice instructions via the wireless link between the position-computing device 1110 and the headset 1150. In addition to receiving the voice instructions (e.g., voice directions), the user can also issue voice commands to the position-computing device 1110 via the microphone of the head set 1150. Alternatively, the headset 1150 can couple to the position-computing device 1110 via a wired link (e.g., cable).

The position-computing device 1110 can be locally coupled to one or more of the auxiliary sensors 1108. FIG. 13 shows examples of auxiliary sensors 1108. The auxiliary sensors 1108 capture or acquire auxiliary information, and then can wirelessly transmit such information to the position-computing device 1110. In one embodiment, an auxiliary sensor is not a position-sensing device.

The auxiliary sensor 1108 can be an environment sensor, capturing information regarding the environment where the position-sensing device 1102 is located. For example, the auxiliary sensor 1108 can be a sensor for temperature, humidity, wind speed, chemicals, particle, liquid, radiation, sound/acoustic, metal or pressure. When the auxiliary sensor 1108 is a chemical sensor, the sensor can, for example, sense oxygen level or carbon monoxide level. Similar to a chemical sensor, the auxiliary sensor 1108 can be an odor sensor. When the auxiliary sensor 1108 is a particle sensor, the sensor can, for example, be a smoke detector. When the auxiliary sensor 1108 is a radiation detector, the sensor can, for example, be a light sensor or an infrared detector. When the auxiliary sensor 1108 is a pressure sensor, the sensor can, for example, sense atmospheric pressure or device (e.g., tire) pressure.

The auxiliary sensor 1108 can also capture information pertaining to the position-sensing device 1102. In other words, the auxiliary sensor 1108 can sense information pertaining to the position-sensing device 1102 itself, such as its motion or pressure asserted on it. The information related to the motion of the position-sensing device 1102 can be its speed, direction of travel, acceleration, shock, or vibration. Regarding pressure, the auxiliary sensor 1108 can sense the force or pressure asserted on the position-sensing device 1102.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary sensor 1108 can be part of the position-sensing device 1102 and sense information regarding a living being (e.g., a person). The position-sensing device 1102 may be attached to the being or be in close proximity to the being. The information sensed by the auxiliary sensor 1108 can include the being's vital parameters. For example, the auxiliary sensor 1108 can measure the being's body temperature, blood attributes, spirometry, heart conditions, brain wave, sound/acoustic waves, or body fat. The blood attributes can include blood pressure, blood sugar or glucose level, or blood oxygen. Heart conditions can include ECG, heart rate, or arrhythmias. Sound/acoustic waves can be those measurable by a stethoscope or an ultrasound scanner. The auxiliary sensors 1108 can be non-invasive or invasive. The auxiliary sensors 1108 can be in vitro or in vivo.

Still further, the auxiliary sensors 1108 can also pertain to sensors for color, pattern, or touch (tactile).

In one embodiment, the position-computing device 1110 can be coupled to a remote site 1156, and can transmit the position-sensing device's position and/or auxiliary information to the remote site 1156 for additional analysis. The coupling can be through a local area network, or a wide area or global network. The wide area or global network can be a SMS network. The remote site 1156 can interface with users through a website. The additional analysis performed by the remote site 1156 can include a number of operations, such as labeling the positions of the position-sensing device 1102, enhancing the accuracy of the labels and/or positions, or compressing the position and/or auxiliary information received, as, for example, described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/404,645, filed Aug. 19, 2002.

The remote site 1104 can also provide information to the position-computing device 1110. FIG. 14 shows examples of information provided by the remote site 1104. For example, the remote site 1104 can provide information regarding the environment of the position-computing device 1110, such as information on a destination entered by the user into the position-computing device 1110. The destination can be a point of interest. As the user is traveling towards the destination, since the remote site 1104 can be made aware of the position of the position-sensing device 1102, route information can also be provided to the position-computing device 1110. Route information can, for example, depend on pre-programmed maps or include current traffic conditions. For example, an accident has just occurred on the freeway and traffic is held up. Such information can be transmitted to the user. In one embodiment, the remote site 1104 can send emergency conditions to the position-computing device 1110. For example, any emergency conditions, such as fire, flood and explosion, within a five-mile radius from a position-sensing device will be sent to its corresponding position-computing device 1110.

The remote site 1104 can provide information regarding a user to the position-computing device 1110. The information can be personal to the user of the position-computing device 1110. In one example, the information provided by the remote site 1104 can be medical in nature. For example, the user's heart beat is irregular and there is a hospital close to where the current position of the user. The remote site 1104 can suggest that the user visit the hospital, and provide the user with the corresponding directions. The hospital can also be notified of the imminent arrival and/or condition of the user by the remote site 1104 or the position-computing device 1110.

In one embodiment, the position-computing device 1110 is also coupled to the actuator 1106. In view of an analysis performed by the position-computing device 1110 and/or the remote site 1104, the actuator 1106 can be controlled to perform an action. FIG. 15 shows examples of actions performed by the actuator 1106. In one embodiment, the action is a message to a user of the position-computing device 1110 or to another person. The message can include text, audio or graphics. The message can describe certain actions the recipient should perform. The message might simply be an alarm, which can be a flashing red light or an audible tone. The action performed by the actuator 1106 can also be a message for a different system. Based on the message, the different system can initiate an action.

In another embodiment, the action performed by the actuator 1106 can be an action directly on a user. For example, in view of auxiliary information regarding the user's glucose level, the actuator 1106 can inject small doses of insulin into the user's blood stream.

In still another embodiment, the action performed by the actuator 1106 is an action on the environment or the surroundings in the vicinity of the position-sensing device 1102. For example, the action can be increasing the power to a heater to increase temperature, or to speed up a fan to decrease temperature.

Auxiliary sensors and actuators can work in a closed-loop situation so as to reach a pre-set point. For example, as a temperature sensor monitors the temperature of an environment, an actuator adjusts the speed of a fan or the power to an air-conditioner until a certain optimal or pre-set temperature is reached.

FIG. 16 shows a position-sensing device according to one embodiment of the invention. The position-sensing device shown in FIG. 16 is suitable for use as the position-sensing device 1102 shown in FIG. 10. The position-sensing device includes an antenna 1200, a down converter 1202, a position baseband circuit 1204, a communication baseband circuit 1206, and an up converter 1208. The up converter 1208 may also serve as a down converter in another embodiment. Under that situation, the up converter 1208 can be known as an up/down converter. The following description is directed towards an embodiment that makes use of GPS to sense position, but it should be understood that the position-sensing device could use other technologies besides GPS.

In one embodiment, the antenna 1200 receives GPS RF signals and can also receive and transmit communication RF signals. After GPS RF signals are captured, the down converter 1202 down-converts such signals received from the antenna 1200 to lower frequency signals or baseband signals for further processing.

The position baseband circuit 1204 extracts raw position data from the GPS baseband signals. The raw position data are related to the pseudo-ranges from GPS satellites. Typically, a GPS baseband processor uses a digital signal processor core, which controls a set of GPS correlators. These correlators are usually set up to acquire and track the GPS satellite signals so as to produce the raw position data.

In one embodiment, raw position data are pseudo-ranges. Pseudo-ranges are typically estimates of distances between position-sensing devices and GPS satellites. In another embodiment, raw position data are from signals captured by the position-sensing device, but are less processed than pseudo-ranges. For example, as the GPS signals are received from the satellites, the position-sensing device does not perform the tracking calculations needed to maintain a closed tracking loop. Instead, the tracking calculations are performed by the position-computing device to generate, for example, pseudo-ranges, which are then used to generate a position. In this example, raw position data sent to the position-computing device are less processed than pseudo-ranges. The position generated can be, for example, the longitude and latitude of the position. In yet another embodiment, raw position data are information that needs additional processing before their corresponding position, such as its longitude and latitude, can be identified.

In one embodiment, the position-sensing device does not convert the raw position data to identify the position of the position-sensing device. Instead, the raw position data are sent to the position-computing device 1110, which will then compute a position based on these data. In another embodiment, these raw position data can be sent, via cellular link, to remote servers for position calculations. In either case, the position-sensing device does not have to perform the intensive position computations requiring processing capability from additional circuitry and consuming more power.

In one embodiment, to minimize space, and to reduce power consumption under certain circumstances, many components shown in FIG. 16 in the position-sensing device are integrated into a high-frequency circuit and a low-frequency circuit (FIG. 17). Sometimes, the high-frequency circuit can be called the analog circuit, while the low-frequency circuit, the digital circuit. For example, the GPS down converting and the communication up/down converting functions are integrated into the high-frequency circuit; and the position baseband circuit and the communication baseband circuit are integrated into the low-frequency circuit. The high-frequency circuit can be on a chip or substrate, and the low-frequency circuit can be on another chip. This results in a two-chip solution for a position-sensing device. In yet another embodiment, all these circuits could be on a common chip where high-speed analog circuits and digital circuits operate satisfactorily on the same substrate. If the antenna is an integrated-circuit antenna, to reduce loss, the antenna may not be on the same substrate as the other circuits, but can be on a separate low-loss material. In another embodiment, a chip or a substrate can be a circuit board instead.

Certain components in the high-frequency section of the position-sensing device can be shared. FIG. 18 shows examples of such sharing. Both the GPS RF signals and the communication RF signals can share the same physical antenna 1200. In one embodiment, the antenna 1200 can be a patch antenna 1250. Both the GPS RF signals and the communication RF signals can also share the same frequency synthesizer 1252, locked to a common timebase such as a crystal oscillator.

FIG. 19 shows one embodiment of the high-frequency circuit, using GPS and Bluetooth to illustrate different features. First, regarding the signal path of the GPS signals, an antenna receives the GPS RF signals, which are then amplified by a low-noise amplifier (LNA). The subsequent RF signals are down-converted to lower or baseband frequencies. This can be done by a mixer that mixes the RF signals with a LO signal from a frequency synthesizer. The mixer can be an image-reject mixer. The frequency synthesizer can be controlled by a temperature-compensated voltage-controlled external oscillator or timebase, which can be a crystal oscillator. The mixer output typically includes two signals, I and Q signals, which are in phase quadrature with each other. Both signals are amplified and then sent to a GPS baseband processor.

For the Bluetooth signals to be transmitted by the position-sensing device to the position-computing device, a mixer receives the I and Q signals from a Bluetooth baseband processor. The mixer, serving as an up converter, converts the two sets of signals to RF signals by mixing them with a LO signal from the frequency synthesizer. The communication RF signals are then amplified by a power amplifier to generate the Bluetooth RF output signals. The antenna then transmits the RF output signals to the position-computing device.

The position-computing device can also send Bluetooth RF input signals to the position-sensing device. This can be, for example, control signals for power conservation, configuration or other functions. Other functions can include initiating an action of accessing raw position data, or transmitting data to the position-computing device. As shown in FIG. 19, the Bluetooth RF input signals can go through similar signal processing as the GPS RF signals, but the I and Q signals are transmitted to the Bluetooth baseband processor. In this case, the mixer along the signal processing path can serve as a down converter.

A number of components are not shown in FIG. 19. For example, a mode switching circuitry with 3-wire bus input can be used to control the different modes of operation. In addition, there can be on-chip diplexers to control signal traffic for the different modes. There may be other passive components like filters for processing the RF and baseband signals.

Similar to the high-frequency circuit, certain components in the low-frequency circuit can be shared. FIG. 20 shows examples of such sharing. The communication signals and the GPS signals may share the same controller. An auxiliary sensor or an actuator can also share a controller.

FIG. 21A shows one embodiment of the low-frequency circuit, again using GPS and Bluetooth to illustrate different features. The GPS baseband processor receives and analyzes the GPS quadrature data, the I and Q signals. The GPS baseband processor is controlled by a controller with on-chip memory.

The Bluetooth baseband processor receives and analyzes the Bluetooth quadrature data from the Bluetooth RF input signals. The Bluetooth baseband processor is also responsible for generating the Bluetooth quadrature data, the I and Q signals, for the Bluetooth RF output signals. The Bluetooth baseband processor is controlled by the controller. The controller can have a separate and dedicated communication processor. In such a case, the logic circuitry of the controller will be simplified.

The controller can also be used to control one or more auxiliary sensors and/or one or more actuators. These auxiliary sensors and/or actuators can be integrated to the circuits of the position-sensing device, such as the low-frequency circuit, or can be on separate circuits/chips, or can be external to the device.

FIG. 21B shows examples of integrating a position-sensing device with one or more different types of auxiliary sensors. Other types of auxiliary sensors can be integrated. FIG. 21B provides examples for illustration purposes. The device can be integrated to a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an accelerometer, a humidity sensor and a wind speed sensor. The integration can be through integrated-circuit techniques, such as having one or more of auxiliary sensors on the same integrated circuit as the position-sensing device. Or, the integration can be through packaging, where one or more auxiliary sensors are in the same package as the position-sensing device.

An example of a temperature sensor is a magnetoelastic thin-film strip. The material's magnetic response changes when it is heated or cooled. A magnetoelastic thin-film strip can also be used as a stress sensor, again through monitoring its magnetic response. Such a strip can be, for example, one inch in length.

In another embodiment, two or more different types of auxiliary sensors are integrated together, without a position-sensing device.

The position-sensing device can be made relatively compact, enhanced through circuit integration. FIG. 22 shows examples of the position-sensing device form factor. The position-sensing device can be the size of a patch or a card (e.g., memory card or PC Card). The antenna can be a patch antenna. A patch can be a structure whose thickness is less than 0.5 inch and whose surface area is less than 2 square inches, or more preferably 1 square inch. In this situation, power can be from a dc power supply or a battery (e.g., coin battery). The dc power supply can be from the cigarette lighter outlet of a car or from an ac outlet with an external transformer. Certain features described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/404,645, filed Aug. 19, 2002 can be incorporated into the position-sensing device to reduce power consumption.

In another embodiment, the size of the position-sensing device is thicker, more in the shape of a block. In this situation, the size is influenced by the size of its power source. For example, power can be from a rechargeable battery or from AA batteries.

Different techniques may be used to fabricate different circuits described. FIG. 23 shows a few examples. The high-frequency circuit can be fabricated by bipolar processes, while the low-frequency circuit by CMOS processes. In one example, both the high and low frequency circuits are fabricated by CMOS processes. Other processing technologies can be used, such as BiCMOS, SiGe or SOI (Silicon-On-Insulator).

In one approach, an auxiliary sensor includes a mechanical device that can respond to mechanical forces. It can be fabricated by micromachining techniques. Devices made by micromachining techniques can also be known as microelectromechanical systems or microsystems. The micromachining techniques include semiconductor processes. The auxiliary sensor can be integrated with the position-sensing device, such as on the low-frequency chip.

An example of an auxiliary sensor made by micromachining techniques is a pressure sensor. It can include a square membrane bulk-etched in a silicon wafer. This process etches away most of the thickness of a region of the die, called the diaphragm. Then piezoresistive (stress sensing) transducers can be deposited through diffusion to create a resistive bridge type structure. The etching process used to create the thin diaphragm can make the silicon wafer more fragile and susceptible to breakage during handling. To reduce in-process damage, the etch process can be performed as the last major photolithography step. The sensor can then be separated from the wafer, and bonded to a glass or Pyrex plate, or to a ceramics plate to increase its mechanical strength.

Another example of such an auxiliary sensor made by micromachining techniques is a capacitive accelerometer or inertia sensing element. It can be a bulk micromachined capacitive accelerometer on a substrate. FIG. 24 shows an example. The accelerometer 1300 incorporates a moving inertial mass 1302 suspended by springs attached to a surrounding frame structure, which can be the substrate. There can be two springs 1304 and 1306, one connected to each end of the moving inertial mass. Each spring can be micromachined beams in the shape of a rectangular box, with two long beams connected at their ends. One of the long beam 1308 of the spring 1304 is stationary and is attached to the frame structure. The other long beam 1310 is a movable or flexible beam. That long beam 1310 is connected to one end of the inertial mass 1302, whose other end is connected to the long beam 1312 that is movable and flexible, of the other spring 1306. Again, the other long beam of the spring 1306 is stationary and is attached to the frame structure.

The inertial mass 1302 has a metallic finger 1314. The finger 1314 is positioned between two stationary metal bars, 1316 and 1318, on the frame structure. The distance between the finger 1314 and each of the metal bar changes as the inertial mass 1302 moves. This creates a variable capacitance between the moving inertial mass and each of the metal bars. There can be many fingers, each positioned between two bars, so as to have higher capacitance. To measure two axes of acceleration, two such accelerometers, positioned orthogonal to each other, can be used.

Yet another example of an auxiliary sensor made by micromachining techniques is for measuring information regarding a living being. In one embodiment, sensors made by such techniques can take very small amount of materials from the being as samples for measurement.

The auxiliary sensor may not have to include a mechanical device. For ease of integration, such auxiliary sensors can be fabricated by semiconductor processing techniques similar to those used in the position-sensing device. For example, the auxiliary sensor is a temperature sensor implemented with a diode. The diode can be fabricated on the same piece of substrate as the low-frequency circuit of the position-sensing device. Assume the circuits of the device are in an enclosure. The temperature gradient between the inside of the enclosure and the outside ambient of the position-sensing device can be calculated or measured. The temperature as measured by the diode on the substrate can be calibrated to subtract out the gradient. This will more accurately reflect the outside ambient temperature. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor is implemented with a thermal couple.

The auxiliary sensor can be in the same package as the position-sensing device but not share the same substrates as the circuits in the position-sensing device. For example, the temperature sensing diode can be separately encapsulated or enclosed, with the enclosed diode exposed to the outside environment, and with its leads bonded to circuitry in the position-sensing device. As another example, the geometry of the auxiliary sensor can be much bigger than the numerous circuit components of the position-sensing device. To illustrate, the diaphragm in a micromachined pressure sensor can occupy significant area. This area can be quite expansive if it is on the substrate of the low frequency circuit of the device. Hence, the auxiliary sensor can be on a separate substrate or circuit board.

In one embodiment, different chips or circuit boards described are stacked, one on top of the other, instead of having one substantially on the same plane as the other.

In yet another embodiment, an actuator also includes a mechanical device that can exert mechanical forces, and is fabricated by micromachining techniques. For example, the micromachined actuator is for administering small doses of insulin into a person's blood stream.

In one embodiment, some of the high-frequency components in the device are also fabricated by micromachining techniques.

In one approach, the micromachining process is a bipolar process. In another, it is a CMOS process. In yet another approach, it is a BiCMOS process.

In one embodiment, a position sensing system can include more than one type of position detection mechanisms. Such a system can be known as a multi-type position sensor. For example, two types of position detection mechanisms can be a GPS sensor and a RF ID tag. In one embodiment, the RF ID tag can be integrated with circuitry of the GPS sensor. In another embodiment, the GPS sensor and the RF ID tag are on separate substrates or circuit boards, or in separate enclosures. In yet another embodiment, the RF ID tag is on a plastic substrate. The GPS sensor can provide more coarse position information, while the RF ID tag provides finer position information. In another example, the GPS sensor can provide position information in an outdoor environment, while the RF ID tag can provide for position information in an indoor environment, such as a large warehouse. The multi-type position sensor can include a position-sensor selector. When the multi-type position sensor is in transit from one warehouse to another, the selector activates the GPS sensor to track position. When the multi-type position sensor is moved into a warehouse, the selector would select the RF ID tag to take over the position-sensing responsibility. As another example, two types of position detection mechanisms can be a GPS sensor and a local wireless network sensor (e.g., Bluetooth or Wi-Fi transceiver). In one embodiment, a multi-type position sensor, or at least the GPS sensor within the multi-type position sensor, extracts raw position data, but does not convert the raw position data into the position of the multi-type position sensor.

FIG. 25 shows a few examples of applications for the present invention. One application is in navigation. The position-sensing device can be attached to the top of the dashboard or to the rear window of a car. The position-computing device can be a PDA next to the driver or in the driver's pocket. The PDA can contain a navigation program that performs route calculations, based on user input (e.g., a destination location), with a map database stored in the PDA's memory. The map may be downloaded from a remote site. The downloading can be performed before or after the destination position has been entered into the PDA. The navigation program allows the driver or a passenger to enter a destination position, e.g., in the format of a street address or a point on a map display. The program then can compute a route based on the map database to guide the driver to that destination. Such guidance can be in the form of turn-by-turn voice instructions. As an example, a car rental company can incorporate such technologies into its car rental policy and offer them as an additional feature.

Another application is in the area of asset tracking and management. A cost-effective asset tracking system can be built based on a number of embodiments described. For example, a position sensor can include a low-cost GPS position-sensing device and a position-computing device (e.g., PDA with cellular or other wireless communication ability). The position-computing device can also be wirelessly connected to a remote station or site.

In one embodiment, products/materials can be tracked by a position sensing system. This can be used in supply-chain management. When a product requires multiple parts/materials to be assembled or integrated together, to have each of the right parts/materials available at the appropriate time is sometimes critical to success. To reduce total costs, a company has to control the amount of materials/parts at rest (inventory) and the speed and costs of materials/parts in motion (freight). If different parts/materials come from different channel partners, to control cost, the company may want to work with their partners to keep their assets (the parts/materials) moving to the company at the minimum level needed to keep customers satisfied. To achieve that, the company should know where the different parts/materials are and to control the rate they are transported. Not only would this help the company lower its expense by reducing its inventory, the company can better satisfy its customers with sufficient inventory.

A piece of inventory can be in freight or it can be in a large warehouse. Sometimes, the piece of inventory has to be tracked in both situations. In one embodiment, the position sensing system can include two types of position sensors—a multi-type-position sensor. One position sensor (a GPS sensor) is for sensing the inventory when it is being transported from an airport to a warehouse, and the other (such as a RF ID tag or a bar code) for sensing its location inside the warehouse. In another embodiment, a piece of large inventory can include many sub-pieces. The piece of inventory can be tracked by a GPS sensor, and may also be tracked by a RF ID tag. Once inside the warehouse, the piece of inventory can be transported to a center, where it is unpacked, with a number of the sub-pieces separately distributed through the warehouse. Each sub-piece can be identified and tracked within the warehouse by its individual bar-code or RF ID tag.

The inventory location information can be wirelessly entered into a warehouse management system, which allows users to see the status of incoming goods, outgoing shipments, and available inventory. Reports can also be generated. The warehouse management system can allow the inventory to be managed in real time. Such information is useful for procuring, maintaining, transporting and delivering products through every stage of production from the source of supply to the final point of consumption. Such information could also assist in providing an audit trail for accounting purposes.

The above embodiments describe tracking inventories, such as, by the management. However, a consumer can track a piece of inventory as well. A typical supply chain includes four entities—manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer and consumer. In one embodiment, a consumer can drive what a manufacturer should produce and ship. For example, the consumer can get in touch with the call center of the retailer, or enters his request into the retailer's web site. Such a request can directly go to the manufacturer, which would assemble the product to be shipped to the consumer. Based on a number of the embodiments of the present invention, the consumer can track the location of his request in real time, such as through a web site. Thus, the consumer directly drives what should be produced and shipped, and tracks his shipment, from inside a warehouse to his door step.

Another example of involving a consumer is for products at least partially assembled by the consumer. A retailer can have thousands of components in the store. It is up to the consumer to pick and choose the components desired for subsequent integration. If the consumer selects two components, manufactured by two different manufacturers, the retailer can place the order to the two manufacturers. One goal of the retailer may be to ensure that both components arrive around the same time at the retailer's store. The two components can be ready for shipment at different time. Or, the two components can arrive at different time frames, even if they are shipped at the same time. This can be due to differences in locations or differences in delivery method. One approach to achieve the retailer's goal is to allow the component that needs more time (long-time component) before reaching the retailer dictate the delivery of the other component. For example, when the manufacturer of the long-time component is ready to ship its component, that component is shipped, with its position tracked by an embodiment of the present invention. Only when the long-time component is within a certain distance to the retailer, the retailer initiates the delivery of the other component. In other words, the retailer (or the system automatically) changes the delivery time of the other component based on the position of the long-time component. When both components arrive, the retailer/system can notify the consumer.

In tracking assets, a position sensor can include additional auxiliary sensors, such as temperature and humidity sensors. The following illustrates an example of asset tracking based on a position sensor and an auxiliary temperature sensor. Assume that a company needs to produce a product that requires two very expensive parts to be integrated together at a warehouse. One part is manufactured by a local sub-contractor. The other part is from a remote sub-contractor thousands of miles away. This other part is also temperature sensitive. Due to cost and liability, the company does not want to order and store any one of the two parts in the warehouse unless the product has to be produced. Assume an order is received for the product. The company has a supply-chain management controller, which can include a warehouse management system. The controller automatically requests the sub-contractors to make and ship the parts so that the company can produce the ordered product as needed.

Assume the temperature-sensing part is ready and is shipped first. Once shipped, the controller tracks the temperature-sensitive part in motion based on a position sensor. The controller is also aware of the temperature of the ambient surrounding that part based on an auxiliary sensor. Assume the temperature-sensitive part becomes defective during shipment due to accidental temperature rise, even though the part is still thousands of miles away from the company. Since the temperature sensor sends information to the controller, the controller is aware that the temperature-sensitive part has to be replaced. Based on such information, the controller automatically orders the local sub-contractor to hold delivery of its part, until the remote sub-contractor is ready to ship a new temperature-sensitive part to the company.

Such real-time location and/or auxiliary information notification and control are very helpful for a company to manage its inventory. Such information is not only applicable to asset tracking/management, supply chain management or product management, but also can be applied to enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management. For example, in customer relationship management, a call center support staff can inform a customer of the location and condition of her product. Alternatively, a customer can access real-time information (e.g., location and condition) via a web interface or by receiving notifications (e.g., email notifications).

Personnel tracking can be another application. For example, additional auxiliary sensors such as body temperature or blood oxygen sensors, or heart-beat monitors can provide important physical health parameters to interested persons (e.g., health professionals) wishing to monitor the position and well-being of their clients. Personnel tracking can also include tracking of other forms of living beings, such as animals.

Different examples of sensors have been described. In one embodiment, a sensor not only can sense but can also transmit information regarding an object. For example, the sensor is a RF ID tag with information stored in the tag about an object. The tag can transmit such information to a recipient.

In a number of embodiments, not only can the size of the position-sensing device be made compact, the position-sensing device can be relatively inexpensive. For example, to reduce cost and size, the position-sensing device does not have a display or keyboard entry for user input. Information can be received and transmitted wirelessly. Also, the position-sensing device does not have to include circuitry to perform processing to calculate its position or determine actions.

A number of devices have been described where the position-sensing device is separated spatially from the position-computing device. Alternatively, the position-sensing device and the position-computing device are in one package.

A number of embodiments have been described that include a position-computing device. One embodiment does not include a position-computing device. Instead, its function is performed by a remote site. The corresponding position-sensing device directly communicates with and is controlled by the site. In this embodiment, auxiliary sensors and/or actuators can also communicate with and be controlled by the site. As an alternative embodiment, the position-sensing device can collect information from, and distribute information to, the additional auxiliary sensors and/or actuators. In other words, the position-sensing device communicates with the site on behalf of the auxiliary sensors and/or actuators.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a mobile device 1400 according to one embodiment of the invention. The mobile device 1400 is suitable for use as a position sensing system, a medical monitoring device, a position tracking device, or other positioning device.

The mobile device 1400 includes a controller 1402 that controls overall operation of the mobile device 1400. A data store 1404 is connected to the controller 1402 and provides storage of data. The data stored in the data store 1404 can include program data 1406, configuration data 1408, and status data 1410. The status data 1410 are data related to the status of an object being monitored, such as position information and/or auxiliary information of the object. The status data 1410 are acquired by one or more auxiliary sensors. A status manager 1412 couples to the one or more auxiliary sensors 1414. The controller 1402 interacts with the status manager 1412 to obtain the status data 1410.

In addition, the controller 1402 couples to a position module 1416 and a communication module 1418. The position module 1416 can receive signals that are used to determine a position of the mobile device 1400. In one embodiment, the position module 1416 is a GPS receiver. The communication module 1418 allows the mobile device 1400 to communicate in a wireless manner. The wireless communications are over a wireless network (e.g., SMC network, a cellular network, a Bluetooth network, a Wi-Fi network, etc.). The wireless communication capabilities can be used to communicate with a remote server (e.g., send status data to the remote server), sending or receiving messages (e.g., notifications) to other mobile devices, or as an alternative or additional means of determining position.

The mobile device 1400 can also include an actuator manager 1420 that couples to one or more actuators 1422. The actuators 1422 can be controlled by the actuator manager 1420 to perform an action. The controller 1402 interacts with the actuator manager 1420 to direct any of the actuators 1422 to perform an action. FIG. 15 shows examples of actions that could be performed by the actuators 1420. For example, the action is a message to a user of the mobile device 1400, another person, a different system, or an action on a user.

The mobile device 1400 further includes a battery 1424 that supplies power to the mobile device 1400. The controller 1402, or a power manager (not shown), can also perform power management functions to reduce power consumption and thus extend battery life. For example, circuits or components can be power-off or placed in low-power mode when not active. Further, in one embodiment, the communication module 1418 and the position module 1416 can share components to reduce cost, die area consumption and power consumption (see, e.g., FIGS. 16-21).

Although the mobile device 1400 shown in FIG. 26 includes the status manager 1412 and the actuator manager 1420, such managers are not required as their operations can be performed by the controller 1402. However, when provided, managers can off-load processing from the controller 1402 to the managers which reduce processing load on the controller 1402. The mobile device 1400 can also facilitate power management by separately controlling power to the controller 1402 and any managers provided. In addition, the mobile device 1400 need not include any of the actuators 1422.

As described, a number of embodiments of the present invention can be quite compact. FIG. 27 shows a number of structural issues 1500 regarding the devices for the present invention.

The circuits in a mobile device (e.g., a position sensing system, a position sensing device, a medical monitoring device, or a position tracking device) can be encapsulated or enclosed 1502 in a number of ways. For example, the circuits can be in a case or housing. The circuits can be enclosed by a molding compound. The molding compound can be epoxy, rubber, plastic or other materials. The enclosed circuits can become the housing of the device.

After the enclosing, the enclosed circuits of the mobile device can be attached 1504 to an object (e.g., a package) or a being (e.g., a person) in a number of ways. For example, the enclosed circuits can be in a module, with the module embedded as a unit into the object or being. A being can be a living being or a dead being, for example, a living person or a dead dog. The enclosed circuits can be attached (directly or indirectly) to the object or being through a clip and a pin. The enclosed circuits can be referred to as being wearable. Other attachment techniques include Velcro® and adhesive, either permanently, such as with a glue, or in a non-permanent manner, such as patches that are adhered to the body. The enclosed circuits can be attached with a band, such as an elastic band. The enclosed circuits can be attached by having a ring or a hook. The enclosed circuits can be worn as a necklace, bracelet or other types of fashionable item.

The enclosed circuits can be attached by a mechanism that is designed to be disposed or disposable. For example, the attachment can be through an adhesive tape that has an envelope or pocket. The enclosed circuits can be provided in the envelope, and the envelope can be closed such as by Velcro® or adhesive. The tape can be attached to an object. After finished using the circuits, a user can dispose of the tape, but keep the enclosed circuits.

One embodiment of the invention includes a solar panel. The solar panel can provide electrical power to, for example, a position-sensing device. The solar panel can thus charge a battery used to power the device and/or itself to power the device. When the device is affixed to an object (e.g., a package), the solar panel can remain at least partially exposed to the outside of the object so as to be able to receive light. The solar panel can be integrated with the housing of the device or can be separate and couple to the device via one or more wires (e.g., a cable). For example, the battery 1424 of the mobile device 1400 can be charged by a solar panel.

In one embodiment, a user can set permission levels. These levels can determine the identity of the person or system that can get information from different embodiments of the present invention, such as a position-computing device, a position-sensing device, a medical monitoring device, a mobile device and/or an auxiliary sensor. The permission levels can also include the time frame when a person or system can get the information. If the user desires, the user can even turn the device off. In that situation, no one has the permission to access information. This can be done, for example, through entering commands into or programming a position-computing device, a position-sensing device, a medical monitoring device, or a mobile device. In another embodiment, the permission can be set at a remote site that communicates with a position-computing device, a position-sensing device, a medical monitoring device or a mobile device.

In yet another embodiment, a position-sensing device or a position sensor is not active until a battery is inserted or a switch is turned on. The device might include a unique identifier, which can be a number. In another embodiment, the device is in a low power mode (e.g. sleep mode) but is programmed to wake up at certain times to listen for commands directed to it. For example, a position-computing device can transmit, through Bluetooth, to the device, a command and the unique identifier, which is used to identify the recipient device of the commands. Once the commands are received, the device becomes active.

In one embodiment, a position-sensing device includes two (2) modes of transmissions 1550, as illustrated in FIG. 28. Raw position data can be transmitted through either one of the two modes. One mode is short range 1552, and the other is long range 1554. The short-range transmission is to transmit, such as through Bluetooth, to a receiver in close proximity. Such transmission can be to a position-computing device in its vicinity (e.g., within 30 feet). The other mode is much longer range, such as to a Wi-Fi, cellular, or a pager network. This longer-range transmission consumes more power than the short range transmission. The destination for the long range transmission can be to a remote server. In another embodiment, the short-range transmission can be through Wi-Fi also, while the long-range transmission can be to a cellular or pager network.

In normal operation, the device prefers to transmit and receive signals using short-range communication. In one embodiment, after the position-sensing device has been activated, the position-sensing device starts in a short-range mode. If the position-sensing device is unable to communicate with a recipient or an intermediate system, the position-sensing device can switch to a long-range mode. For example, when the position-sensing device fails to receive either a signal requesting for position information or an acknowledgement to its transmitted signals after a preset duration of time, the position-sensing device will automatically switch to communicate in the long range mode with a recipient (e.g., a remote server). The position-sensing device can then periodically transmit its location to the remote server.

One application of the two modes of transmission is for theft prevention. Imagine a truck shipping a package that has a position-sensing device. During shipment, the position sensing device transmits its position information through short-range communication to a position-computing device attached to the truck. The position-computing device transmits the position of the package to the main office of the trucking company. Unbeknown to the driver, when he is having lunch at a restaurant, a thief breaks into his truck and steals the package. For the next hour, the position-sensing device never receives a signal requesting for location information or an acknowledgement to its transmitted signals. After the hour has elapsed, the position-sensing device can automatically send its unique identifier as a status signal, through a wireless (e.g., cellular) network, to the main office of the trucking company. If the signal is not received, the device can resend the signal every fifteen minutes. The office, after receiving the status signal, can request for the location of the package (i.e., the position-sensing device). The position-sensing device, getting the request, can transmit its location information through the wireless means to the office. Alternatively, the status signal could itself contain the location of the package. In either case, the office is notified of the location and thus is able to track the position of the stolen package.

In another embodiment, instead of transmitting through cellular means, the device transmits information using a Wi-Fi signal to tap into a Wi-Fi network. The Wi-Fi hub receiving the signal can direct it to a predetermined remote site, such as to the main office in the above example. The transmission of information from/to the position-sensing device can also be in a text message format (e.g., email or instant message). For example, the information can be transmitted over a SMS network or other pager type network.

A number of embodiments have been described where positions are identified based on GPS technologies. Other wireless technologies are also applicable, for example, using the techniques of triangulation. In one embodiment, the wireless technologies are based on a position-sensing device accessing or capturing television signals from such as three TV signal transmission towers. Triangulation techniques are then performed using synchronization codes in the TV signals to identify the location of that position-sensing device. In embodiments where positions are identified not based on GPS technologies, pseudo-ranges can become estimates of distances between position-sensing devices and locations whose known and well-defined co-ordinates can be broadcasted and captured by the position-sensing devices.

The above-described systems, devices, methods and processes can be used together with other aspects of an object tracking system, including the various aspects described in: (i) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/444,198, filed Jan. 30, 2003, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MONITORING, DELIVERING, MANAGING AND USING STATUS INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; (ii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/418,491, filed Oct. 15, 2002, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MONITORING, DELIVERING, MANAGING AND USING STATUS INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; (iii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/404,645, filed Aug. 19, 2002, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MONITORING, DELIVERING, MANAGING AND USING POSITION AND OTHER INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; and (iv) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/375,998, filed Apr. 24, 2002, and entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ACQUIRING, PRESENTING, MANAGING AND USING POSITION INFORMATION,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The various embodiments, implementations and features of the invention noted above can be combined in various ways or used separately. Those skilled in the art will understand from the description that the invention can be equally applied to or used in other various different settings with respect to various combinations, embodiments, implementations or features provided in the description herein.

The invention can be implemented in software, hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The invention can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, magnetic tape, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.

The advantages of the invention are numerous. Different embodiments or implementations may yield different advantages. One advantage of the invention is that interested persons can track and/or be notified as to status of an object. Another advantage of the invention is that status of an object can be monitored such that not only position information but also shipping conditions information are able to be monitored during shipment. Still another advantage of the invention is that status information of an object being transported can be obtained by an interested party (e.g., shipper, recipient or third-party) through notifications or through access to a website (e.g., tracking server).

The many features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the written description and, thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation as illustrated and described. Hence, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to as falling within the scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for tracking shipment of a plurality of packages, said apparatus comprising: a storage device to store at least computer program code; and at least one processor to perform at least some of the stored computer program code, the at least one processor performing at least some of the stored computer program code to track shipment of the plurality of packages, the stored computer program code comprises: computer program code for receiving status information associated with a package during shipment, the status information being provided by a mobile electronic device in or attached to the package, the status information including at least position information and environmental information, and the environmental information being related to environmental conditions of or around the package being shipped; computer program code for determining whether a notification condition pertaining to the package exists based on the status information and at least one notification criterion; computer program code for producing a notification message when the notification condition exists; and computer program code for initiating electronically sending the notification message to an interested user, wherein the notification condition is determined to exist if the environmental information includes at least one environmental condition that exceeds a predetermined threshold, and wherein the mobile electronic device is configured to induce or influence activation of a mechanical system dependent at least in part on the status information, the mechanical system being at the mobile electronic device.
 2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the status information includes motion and light.
 3. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein, during shipment of the package, the mobile electronic device is placed in the package before shipment later removed from the package after shipment.
 4. An apparatus as recited in claim 3, wherein the package is an individual package that is able to be carried by a person.
 5. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the stored computer program code comprises: computer program code for permitting an authorized user to access the status information for a plurality of packages being shipped, provided the authorized user is authorized to track shipment of the plurality of packages; and computer program code for initiating display to the authorized user of a web page that enables a user to monitor the shipment of the plurality of packages being shipped.
 6. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the status information includes information concerning light detected during shipment of the package, and wherein the at least one sensor comprises a light sensor configured to detect light.
 7. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the status information includes information concerning light, temperature, pressure, acceleration and humidity detected during shipment of the package.
 8. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises a plurality of sensors for acquiring the status information, and wherein the plurality of sensors include at least: a first sensor configured to obtain information regarding light as a portion of the status information; and a second sensor configured to obtain information regarding acceleration as a portion of the status information.
 9. An apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein the plurality of sensors further include at least: a third sensor configured to obtain information regarding temperature as a portion of the status information; and a fourth sensor configured to obtain information regarding pressure or humidity as a portion of the status information.
 10. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein configuration information for configuring the mobile electronic device is received via a web interface, wherein the configuration information is provided to the mobile electronic device wirelessly via a wireless network, and wherein the status information is provided from the mobile electronic device wirelessly via the wireless network.
 11. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a sensor fabricated by micromachining techniques and configured to capture data, the captured data representing at least a portion of the status information.
 12. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a single sensor capable of capturing information regarding both temperature and pressure, and the captured information representing at least a portion of the status information.
 13. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a sensor having a magnetic characteristic and configured to capture information representing at least a portion of the status information using at least the magnetic characteristic.
 14. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a thin-film sensor fabricated from at least a thin-film material and configured to capture information representing at least a portion of the status information.
 15. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device includes a first substrate for supporting at least one integrated circuit, and a second substrate, with an antenna on the second substrate, the second substrate being separate from the first substrate.
 16. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device includes an antenna coupled to a global positioning system receiver, and wherein the antenna is a patch antenna.
 17. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a down converter for a global positioning system receiver, operatively connected to an antenna on a substrate in the mobile electronic device, configured to down convert signals for position to lower frequency position signals; a baseband circuit, operatively connected to the down converter, configured to at least operate on the lower frequency position signals; and an up/down converter configured to up/down convert signals, in frequency, for communication, wherein each of the down converter, the baseband circuit and the up/down converter are provided on a single substrate separate from the substrate, and wherein each of the down converter, the baseband circuit and the up/down converter are fabricated by CMOS processes.
 18. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a high frequency circuit; and a low frequency circuit, wherein the high frequency circuit and the low frequency circuit are provided on a single substrate.
 19. An apparatus as recited in claim 18, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises an additional substrate that supports a temperature sensor that is for measuring temperature of the environment where the mobile electronic device is located.
 20. An apparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein the temperature sensor supported by the additional substrate is separately enclosed or encapsulated from some other circuitry within the mobile electronic device.
 21. An apparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein the high frequency circuit comprises a down converter configured to down convert signals for position to lower frequency position signals and an up/down converter configured to up/down convert signals, in frequency, for communication, and wherein the low frequency circuit comprises a position baseband circuit configured to at least operate on the lower frequency position signals, and a communication baseband circuit configured to at least operate on signals at least for wireless transmission.
 22. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises: a shared frequency synthesizer configured to be coupled to a crystal oscillator; global positioning system circuitry operatively connected to the shared frequency synthesizer; and communication RF circuitry operatively connected to the shared frequency synthesizer, whereby the shared frequency synthesizer is shared by both the global positioning system and the communication RF circuitry.
 23. An apparatus as recited in claim 22, wherein the shared frequency synthesizer, the global positioning system circuitry and the communication RF circuitry are provided on a single substrate.
 24. An apparatus as recited in claim 23, wherein the package is to be shipped from a shipper to a recipient, and wherein the shipper is able to interact with a web interface to configure one or more notification messages regarding shipment of the package to be sent to the recipient.
 25. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the package is to be shipped from a requestor to a recipient, and wherein a web interface enables the requestor or the recipient to configure one or more notification messages regarding shipment of the package to be sent to a third-party.
 26. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the package is to be shipped from a shipper to a recipient, and wherein a web interface enables a user to configure one or more notification messages regarding the shipping of the package to be sent to a third party, the third party being other than the shipper of the package or the recipient.
 27. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein a web interface permits different users to separately configure the at least one notification condition.
 28. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the stored computer program code comprises: computer program code for determining, during shipping of the package, that at least one of the environmental conditions indicates that the package being shipped should be replaced; and computer program code for initiating shipment of a replacement package even before the package being shipped arrives at its destination, provided that it is determined that the at least one of the environmental conditions indicates that the package being shipped should be replaced.
 29. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the computer program code for receiving the status information comprises receiving at least sensed light signals sensed by at least one sensor at the mobile electronic device, and wherein the computer program code for determining whether the notification condition pertaining to the package exists comprises determining whether the notification condition exists based on the sensed light signals.
 30. An apparatus as recited in claim 29, wherein the computer program code for determining whether the notification condition pertaining to the package exists comprises: computer program code for accessing a predetermined threshold associated with the sensed light signals by the at least one sensor; and computer program code for determining whether the notification condition exists based on the sensed light signals and the predetermined threshold.
 31. An apparatus as recited in claim 29, wherein the status information includes information concerning light, temperature, pressure and humidity detected during shipment of the package, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises a plurality of sensors for acquiring the status information, the at least one sensor being one of the plurality of sensors, wherein the plurality of sensors include at least: a first sensor configured to obtain information regarding temperature as a portion of the status information; and a second sensor configured to obtain information regarding pressure or humidity as a portion of the status information, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to obtain information regarding light as a portion of the status information.
 32. An apparatus as recited in claim 31, wherein the mobile electronic device includes a first substrate for supporting at least one integrated circuit, and a second substrate, with an antenna on the second substrate, the second substrate being separate from the first substrate, wherein the first substrate is a circuit board, wherein the antenna is an antenna for the global positioning system receiver, and wherein the mobile electronic device further includes a third substrate that supports the first sensor that is exposed to environmental conditions outside the mobile electronic device.
 33. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mobile electronic device comprises a substrate that supports a temperature sensor that is for measuring temperature as at least part of the environmental information, and wherein the temperature sensor supported by the substrate is separately enclosed or encapsulated from some other circuitry within the mobile electronic device.
 34. An apparatus for tracking shipment of one or more packages, said apparatus comprising: a storage device to store at least computer program code; and at least one processor to perform at least some of the stored computer program code, the at least one processor performing at least some of the stored computer program code to track shipment of a package, the stored computer program code comprises: computer program code for receiving status information associated with the package during shipment, the status information being provided by status monitoring electronic circuitry provided proximate to the package during shipment of the package, the status information including at least position information and shipping condition information, and the shipping condition information being related to conditions of or around the package being shipped; computer program code for determining whether a notification condition pertaining to the package exists based on the status information; computer program code for producing a notification message when the notification condition is determined to exist; and computer program code for initiating electronically sending the notification message that has been produced to an interested user, wherein the notification condition is determined to exist at least if the shipping condition information indicates that at least one condition exceeds a predetermined threshold, and wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry is configured to induce or influence activation of a mechanical system dependent at least in part on the status information, the mechanical system being coupled to the status monitoring electronic circuitry at least during shipment of the package.
 35. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry comprises a plurality of sensors for acquiring the status information, and wherein the plurality of sensors include at least: a first sensor configured to obtain information regarding light as a portion of the status information; and a second sensor configured to obtain information regarding acceleration as a portion of the status information.
 36. An apparatus as recited in claim 35, wherein the plurality of sensors further include at least: a third sensor configured to obtain information regarding temperature as a portion of the status information; and a fourth sensor configured to obtain information regarding pressure or humidity as a portion of the status information.
 37. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the package is to be shipped from a requestor to a recipient, and wherein a web interface enables the requestor or the recipient to configure one or more notification messages regarding shipment of the package to be sent to a third-party.
 38. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the package is to be shipped from a shipper to a recipient, and wherein a web interface enables a user to configure one or more notification messages regarding the shipping of the package to be sent to a third party, the third party being other than the shipper of the package or the recipient.
 39. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein a web interface permits different users to separately configure at least one notification condition.
 40. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the stored computer program code comprises: computer program code for determining, during shipping of the package, that at least one of the conditions indicates that the package being shipped should be replaced; and computer program code for initiating shipment of a replacement package even before the package being shipped arrives at its destination, provided that it is determined that the at least one of the conditions indicates that the package being shipped should be replaced.
 41. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the computer program code for receiving the status information comprises receiving at least sensed light signals sensed by at least one sensor at the status monitoring electronic circuitry, and wherein the computer program code for determining whether the notification condition pertaining to the package exists comprises determining whether the notification condition exists based on the sensed light signals.
 42. An apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the computer program code for determining whether the notification condition pertaining to the package exists comprises: computer program code for accessing a predetermined threshold associated with the sensed light signals by the at least one sensor; and computer program code for determining whether the notification condition exists based on the sensed light signals and the predetermined threshold.
 43. An apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the status information includes information concerning light, temperature, pressure and humidity detected during shipment of the package, wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry comprises a plurality of sensors for acquiring the status information, the at least one sensor being one of the plurality of sensors, wherein the plurality of sensors include at least: a first sensor configured to obtain information regarding temperature as a portion of the status information; and a second sensor configured to obtain information regarding pressure or humidity as a portion of the status information, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to obtain information regarding light as a portion of the status information.
 44. An apparatus as recited in claim 43, wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry includes a first substrate for supporting at least one integrated circuit, and a second substrate, with an antenna on the second substrate, the second substrate being separate from the first substrate, wherein the first substrate is a circuit board, wherein the antenna is an antenna for the global positioning system receiver, and wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry further includes a third substrate that supports the first sensor that is exposed to environmental conditions outside the status monitoring electronic circuitry.
 45. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry comprises a substrate that supports a temperature sensor that is for measuring temperature as at least part of the environmental information, and wherein the temperature sensor supported by the substrate is separately enclosed or encapsulated from some other circuitry within the status monitoring electronic circuitry.
 46. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the mechanical system, on activation, is operable to adjust temperature proximate to the package.
 47. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the shipping condition information includes temperature information, and wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry is configured to induce or influence activation of a mechanical system dependent at least in part on the temperature information.
 48. An apparatus as recited in claim 47, wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry comprises a substrate that supports a temperature sensor that is for acquiring the temperature information.
 49. An apparatus as recited in claim 34, wherein the mechanical system, on activation, is operable to provide an audible tone or a light.
 50. A method for tracking shipment of one or more packages, the method comprising: receiving status information associated with a package during shipment, the status information being provided by status monitoring electronic circuitry provided proximate to the package during shipment of the package, the status information including at least position information and shipping condition information, and the shipping condition information being related to conditions of or around the package being shipped; determining whether a notification condition pertaining to the package exists based on the status information, the notification condition being determined to exist at least if the shipping condition information indicates that at least one condition exceeds a predetermined threshold; producing a notification message when the notification condition is determined to exist; initiating electronically sending the notification message that has been produced to an interested user; and activating, via the status monitoring electronic circuitry, a mechanical system that is coupled to the status monitoring electronic circuitry at least during shipment of the package, the activating being dependent on at least in part on the status information.
 51. A method as recited in claim 50, wherein the mechanical system, on activation, is operable to adjust temperature proximate to the package.
 52. A method as recited in claim 50, wherein the shipping condition information includes temperature information, and wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry is configured to induce or influence activation of a mechanical system dependent at least in part on the temperature information.
 53. A method as recited in claim 52, wherein the status monitoring electronic circuitry comprises a substrate that supports a temperature sensor that is for acquiring the temperature information.
 54. A method as recited in claim 50, wherein the mechanical system, on activation, is operable to provide an audible tone or a light. 